منابع:
1- دکترمرتضی محیط،(1375) خورشیدی: دموکراسی چیست؟ ، شهروند، سال پنجم، شماره 244 تورنتو.
2- وزارت خانه سازی افغانستان، (2005) خورشیدی : کنفرانس مطبوعاتی ، بی بی سی ، شبکه انترنت، 28 جون.
3 – سازمان ملل متحد، (2005) میلادی: یونسف ، گزارش، بخش افغانستان ، منابع الکترونیکی.
4 – کنفرانس گروه هشت در لندن، (2005) میلادی : گزارش، بی بی سی، 11، جون، لندن .
5 – انتقادات در باره کنفرانس گروه هشت، (2005) میلادی : بی بی سی ، جون 9 ، لندن.
۶- اندیشمند، محمد اکرام، سالهای تجاوز و مقاومت .
7– داود شاه صبا ، (1380) خورشیدی : گذر از تنگنا- اندیشه هایی در برخی از مسایل افغانستان- ، تورونتو، کانادا .
8– همایون کاتوزیان، (1372) خورشیدی : مصدق و نبرد قدرت در ایران، ص، 292-293، تهران .
9 – دکتر لطیف طبیبی ، (1383) : جمهوری سوم در افغانستان، پیوند، دو ماهانه، ارگان نشراتی کانون فرهنگی جامی، سال اول، شماره چهارم، دلو و حوت، کابل، ص 14 – 19.
10 - The Downing Street.
11- سالهای تجاوز و مقاومت، محمد اکرام اندیشمند.
12 - افغانستان از داوود تا صعود مسعود، جلد اول ، احمدشاه فرزان، ۱۳۸۲، انتشارات دقت۴۳- ارتش سرخ در افغانستان، بوریس گروموف، ترجمه، عزیز آریانفر
.
Afghanistan
A landlocked country of southwest-central Asia. Since ancient times the region has been crisscrossed by invaders, including Persians, Macedonians, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols. Afghan tribes united in the 18th century under a single leadership, but a fully independent state did not emerge until 1919. Kabul is the capital and the largest city. Population: 31,100,000.
Country, south-central Asia. Area: 249,347 sq mi (645,807 sq km). Population (2005 est.: 23,867,000). Capital: Kabul. About two-fifths of the people belong to the Pashtun ethnic group; other ethnic groups include Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazara. Languages: Pashto, Persian (both official). Religions: Islam (official; predominantly Sunni); also Zoroastrianism. Currency: afghani. Afghanistan has three distinctive regions: the northern plains are the major agricultural area; the southwestern plateau consists primarily of desert and semiarid landscape; and the central highlands, including the Hindu Kush, separate these regions. Afghanistan has a developing economy based largely on agriculture; its significant mineral resources remain largely untapped because of the Afghan War of the 1980s and subsequent fighting. Traditional handicrafts remain important; woolen carpets are a major export. The area was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire in the 6th century BC and was conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Hindu influence entered with the Hephthalites and Sasanians; Islam became entrenched during the rule of theSaffarids, c. AD 870. Afghanistan was divided between the Mughal Empire of India and the Safavid empire of Persia until the 18th century, when other Persians under Nadir Shah took control. Britain fought several wars in the area in the 19th century. From the 1930s the country had a stable monarchy, which was overthrown in the 1970s. Marxist reforms sparked rebellion, and Soviet troops invaded. Afghan guerrillas prevailed, and the Soviets withdrew in 1989. In 1992 rebel factions overthrew the government and established an Islamic republic. In 1996 the Taliban militia took power in Kabul and enforced a harsh Islamic order. The militia's unwillingness to extradite extremist leader Osama bin Laden and members of his al-Qaeda militant organization following the September 11 attacks in 2001 led to military conflict with the U.S. and allied nations, the overthrow of the Taliban, and the establishment of an interim government
پاسخ با نقل قول
