کلکسیون دوربین های مورد استفاده در نقشه برداری

[Borna66]

سلام
سعی میکنم کلیه دوربین هایی که تاکنون برای نقشه برداری مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و میگیره رو این جا قرار بدم در مورد دوربین های جدید تر یک سری توضیحات هم قرار میدم .
نمونه هایی از دوربین های مورد استفاده در نقشه برداری :

تئودولیت : (theodolite)

Model : P30



Model :P1



Model : K1-S



Model : RDH



Model :N/A

[Borna66]

6



Model : N/A



Model : N/A



Model : T4

[Borna66]

Model : N/A

Telescope Length 310 mm, Height 670 mm (height of theodolite + gyroscope

The instrument pictured above is typically used by the military. Their principal application is in mining, tunnelling and gunnery, but in conventional surface surveys they can be used to provide initial orientation, in place of magnetic bearings or astronomical azimuths.
The instrument shown at the top is referred to as a 'gyro-theodolite'. It basically consists of a gyroscope attached to the bottom of a Hilger & Watts micrometer theodolite. The gyroscope enables the direction of true north to be determined with a standard error of about ±15" within a very short time. The instrument shown on the bottom is a 'meridian indicator' (also known as a Precision Indicator of the Meridian) which is connected to the gyroscope and includes external connection to the power supply. It is basically a meter graduated directly in angular units, and the reading is thus a maximum when the gyro is pointing north and a minimum when it is pointing east or west.
The theodolite remains permanently attached to the gyro assembly. The gyroscope unit is suspended in vertical gimbals, which lie in the line defined by the downward extension of the (permanently) attached theodolite. The actual gyroscope is floated on a film of liquid, and it is called a floating gyroscope to distinguish it from the pendulous type in which the gyroscope unit is suspended and hangs under gravity.

Manufactured in 1966 (approx). Catalogued in 1997

[Borna66]

Model : Teo 010
Telescope length 135mm, Height 284mm


Description

The Optical Micrometer Theodolite Theo 010 is suited for all geodetic work and the principal application of the instrument is for triangulations of 2nd to 4th order, precision traversing above and below ground and field astronomical observations.
The instrument is compact and completely self-contained and all it's mechanical and optical elements are conveniently arranged.
The theodolite consists essentially of a fixed base with a rotatable horizontal circle (84 mm diameter) and an upper part, or alidade, which is rotatable on a steel cylindrical spindle and carries the tilting trunnion axis with the vertical circle (60 mm diameter) and telescope, the circle reading microscope and the built-in optical plummet. The centre spindle of the instrument fits into a socket in the tribrach and is secured by the clamp screw (DIN centring system). The tribrach carries the levelling foot screws and is connected to the tripod head through the base plate and the spring plate by the attachment screw. The mirror objective telescope of intrinsic shortness and 31x magnification has internal focusing and is completely dustproof. The effective diameter of the objective lens is 53 mm and the telescopes shortest sighting distance is 2 metres.
The manipulating knobs and clamping levers are so situated that they can be easily operated from either telescope position, and the screw threads are completely enclosed and protected. Built-in to the base of the instrument is an optical plummet with which, sighting through the hollow spindle it is possible to achieve a high degree of centering over ground points.
The horizontal and vertical scale intervals of the micrometer is 1". The altitude bubble sensitivity is 20"/2mm. The circles have double line graduations, the actual division being between the two lines. By turning the micrometer head, the circles apparently move in opposite directions until the upper and lower double lines are made to coincide. The shifting of the images, in minutes and seconds, is shown in a small window on the right hand side of the microscope field. The scale divisions of both the horizontal and vertical circles are in intervals of 20 minutes.

Weight of instrument is 5.3 kg
There is only one mirror used for both the horizontal and vertical circle illumination
Inverted telescope image
School store no: T63
Purchased by UNSW in 1963. Catalogued in 2000
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[Borna66]

Model : T16

Telescope length 150 mm, Height 255 mm

This is the Wild T16 (E) optical scale-reading theodolite. Instead of a micrometer, it features a scale microscope where the images of the vertical circle and the horizontal circle are seen in the field of view at the same time. The theodolite is ideal for triangulation, traversing, cadastral surveys, setting-out and alignment surveys, determining control points and trigonometric heighting.
The instrument incorporates a detachable tribrach which is designed for fast, accurate interchange of the theodolite against a reflector, target, optical plummet, etc. A central-pivot locking mechanism engages the three studs of the centring flange without lateral pressure and holds the instrument firmly in the tribrach dish. An optical plummet is included on the alidade of the theodolite.
The graduation interval of the horizontal and vertical circles is 1 degree, the optical scale interval is 1 minute (1') and estimation can be made to 6". The reading microscope is parallel to the telescope and both circles are easy to read, whatever the telescope position. To prevent mistakes, the horizontal circle is a brilliant yellow, and a large scale mirror in the telescope standard ensures bright circle illumination. The magnification of the telescope is 28x, the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope is 40 mm, and the shortest pointing distance is approximately 1.5 metres. The telescope provides an 'inverted' image. The bubble sensitivity of the plate level is 30" per 2 mm run.
Furthermore, the T16 is supplied in a watertight, dustproof metal case with a carrying strap, and the steel hood protects the instrument from jolts and knocks.

Weight of instrument and container is 4.7 kg and 2.0 kg respectively.
Inverted telescope image
Thanks to J. Dedual for the year of manufacture
School store no: T143
Manufactured in 1962. Catalogued in 2000 & 2005
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[Borna66]

Model : DKM2-AEM

Telescope length 175 mm, Height 225 mm

This Kern DKM2-AEM is a one-second (1") optical micrometer theodolite of high precision suitable for triangulation, traversing, deformation measurements, precise layout work in building construction and sub-surface work, astronomical observations, optical tooling and photogrammetric control.
It incorporates a trunnion axis micrometer which serves the same purposes as a striding level (also included in the collection), and is used to increase the accuracy and reliability of the horizontal directions at steep sights. The trunnion axis micrometer permits to measure the inclination component of the standards in the direction of the trunnion axis. From these measurements the inclination of the trunnion axis and the correction of the horizontal direction can be computed. The practical measuring range of the trunnion axis micrometer is approximately ±30" and the inclination of the trunnion axis can be determined to ±1".
The magnification of the telescope is 32x, the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope is 45 mm, and the shortest pointing distance is approximately 1.7 metres. Other features include maintenance-free vertical circle liquid compensator (working accuracy of 0.3" and range of 2'), upright telescope image, digitised circle reading, optical plummet with adjustable focus, two-speed (course and fine) azimuth and elevation tangent screws, cam controlled short-stroke levelling system and course-fine circle orienting drive.
The accuracy of the instrument is excellent since the scale interval of the micrometer is 1" and estimation can be made to 0.2". The diameters of the horizontal and vertical circles are 75 mm and 69 mm respectively, and one mirror caters for the illumination of both circles. The sensitivity of the plate level is 22" per 2 mm.
The instrument requires special 'Kern' centring tripods and is not compatible with any other brands. Centring with the tripod produces an accuracy of 0.5-1mm. The theodolite is provided with a metal carrying case, and the tool compartment in the base of the carrying case contains a hexagonal wrench with screwdriver, one adjusting pin and two Allen wrenches (1.5 mm) for the adjustment of the collimation error.

The instrument can be combined with the Kern DM 501 Electronic Distance Meter (also included in the collection)
Weight of instrument and container is 6.2 kg and 2.4 kg respectively.
Upright telescope image
School store no: T144
Some comments are courtesy of the Kern Collection of the Aarau City Museum, Switzerland

Catalogued in 2000

[Borna66]

Model : zeiss Th2
Telescope length 155 mm, Height 315 mm

This Zeiss Th 2 one-second optical micrometer theodolite is a highly accurate instrument featuring the unique "ball-and-socket" levelling system. Fields of application include precise angular measurement for traversing, first and second-order triangulations, plumbing, distance measurement with subtense bar and establishing astronomical positions.
Some of the features of the theodolite include:- combined coarse-fine focusing drives, coaxial clamps and fine drives, automatic vertical circle indexing system featuring an X-type pendulum compensator, erect telescope image, convenient carrying handle, optical plummet in alidade and a sighting collimator for rapid and convenient course sighting. The instrument also features a switch which is used for switching between the horizontal (yellow display) and the vertical (white display) micrometer images.
The most important feature of the instrument however, is far-reaching digitisation. Of the 7 figures making up one reading, 6 appear directly in digital form, thus eliminating counting or estimation. The seventh digit is, in addition, presented by a full interval per 1".
The graduation interval for angular measurement is 20' and the micrometer interval is 1". The diameters of the horizontal and vertical circles are 100 mm and 85 mm respectively, and one mirror caters for the illumination of both circles. The sensitivity of the plate level is 20" per 2 mm and the setting accuracy of the compensator is approximately ±0.2". The magnification of the telescope is 30x, the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope is 40 mm, and the shortest pointing distance is approximately 1.6 metres.
The instrument's plastic case is fitted with a number of extra accessories including a plumb bob, a sunshade, an objective tube and a toolkit containing screwdrivers, wrenches and two adjusting pins

The "ball-and-socket" levelling system is also incorporated in the Zeiss Th 4 theodolite (included in collection)
Weight of instrument and container is 5.2 kg and 4.8 kg respectively.
Upright telescope image
School store no: T95

Catalogued in 2000

[Borna66]

Model : zeiss Th4

Telescope length 150 mm, Height 270 mm

This Zeiss Th 4 optical scale-reading theodolite of medium accuracy was developed as a modern instrument with a reading microscope for the multitude of applications requiring optical setting-out, alignment, measuring of vertical and horizontal angles or distance stadia measurement. It is therefore suited for building-site surveys, lot surveys in cadastral and urban surveying, low-order triangulation, ground-control work, trigonometric levelling, topographical tacheometry and traverse surveys for cadastre, reallotment or mining.
This instrument, as with the Zeiss Th 2, also features the "ball-and-socket" levelling system. Some other features of the theodolite include: optical plummet built into the alidade, combined coarse-fine focusing drives, automatic vertical circle indexing system featuring a V-type compensator, inverted telescope image and a sighting collimator for rapid and convenient coarse pointing.
Simultaneous viewing of the horizontal and vertical circles eliminates the need for changing over between readings. Also, the graduation images of the horizontal and vertical circles are colour coded for easy differentiation (blue for vertical and yellow for horizontal).
The graduation interval of the horizontal and vertical circles is 1 degree, the optical scale interval is 1 minute (1') and estimation can be made to 6". The diameters of the horizontal and vertical circles are 98 mm and 85 mm respectively. The sensitivity of the plate level is 30" per 2 mm and the setting accuracy of the compensator is approximately ±1". The magnification of the telescope is 25x, the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope is 35 mm, and the shortest pointing distance is approximately 1.2 metres.
The instrument's plastic case is fitted with a number of accessories including a plumb bob and a cylinder telescopic attachment for glare reduction.
The "ball-and-socket" levelling system is also incorporated in the Zeiss Th 2 theodolite (Cat. No. 0227 in collection). Weight of instrument and container is 4.5 kg and 3.0 kg respectively. Inverted telescope image.
Includes Zeiss S22 wooden telescvopic tripod (150 x 150 x 1150 mm when folded).

Catalogued in 2004
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[Borna66]

Model : T0

Telescope length 135 mm, Height 220 mm

This Wild T0 compass theodolite is a compact lightweight instrument, which can be used either for observing and setting-out magnetic bearings or as a normal theodolite for measuring or turning-off angles. It is particularly useful for rapid traversing, based on magnetic bearings, especially in areas where visibility is limited and the traverse legs likely to be short. The T0 can also be used for photogrammetric ground control surveys, low-order detailing, on building sites or as a reconnaissance instrument.
The freely-swinging compass circle is oriented to magnetic north by means of its rigid attachment to a north-seeking needle, which rests on a pivot at the centre of the instrument. The theodolite has a lever which has to be moved to lower the compass circle on to its pivot.
The horizontal (compass) circle consists of a metal circle with a diameter of 68 mm. The method of reading the horizontal circle, which is graduated and numbered in 2º intervals, is the same as with the Wild T2. Using the micrometer, readings of the horizontal circle are made directly to 1' and estimated to 30". Horizontal circle readings are of unusually high accuracy for an instrument of this type and size, because of the coincidence setting of the diametrically-opposite parts of the circle.
The vertical circle is made of glass and has a diameter of 46 mm. Once the vertical circle index bubble (altitude bubble) has been centred, the reading of the vertical circle is obtained as the mean of the combined images of the diametrically-opposite parts of the circle, but without a micrometer setting. Therefore, the readings are made directly from the circle to 10' and estimated to 1'.
As a slight inconvenience, however, the horizontal and vertical circles are read separately from two different reading microscopes. The vertical circle is read through the reading microscope situated next to the telescope eyepiece, while the horizontal circle is read through a separate reading microscope located on the left side of the instrument (in FL).
The telescope produces an inverted image. The magnification of the telescope is 20x, the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope is 28 mm, and the shortest pointing distance is approximately 1.4 metres. The sensitivity of the vertical circle index bubble per 2 mm is 1'.

The base plate of metal container is part of instrument.
Weight of instrument and container is 2.9 kg and 0.8 kg respectively.
Inverted telescope image

Catalogued in 2000 & 2005

[Borna66]

Model: TM3000 D Electronic Theodolite
Telescope length 170 mm, Height 310 mm (without carrying handle)

This Wild TM3000 D motorised electronic theodolite is an early instrument for automated precision surveys. It is particularly suitable for remote measurement and tasks that call for measurements at regular intervals. Some specific applications of the theodolite include temporary or permanent monitoring of slip-prone areas in the mountains or in opencast mines, directing tunnelling machines, positioning and constructing oil rigs, profiling and observing slip movements in coal mining. The theodolite may be used as an independent instrument or can form part of a system of up to eight stations.
The development of the motorised Wild theodolite is based on the basic Wild T3000 model. The extra letter 'D' at the end of the model number states that an EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) device may be attached to the top of the theodolite to allow distance measurement.
The specialised targeting procedure enables a reflector point to be targeted with a precision of ±15 mm at a distance of one kilometre, and that within 30 seconds.
The theodolite features a normal telescope producing an erect image, a two-axis liquid level sensor (capable of being switched on/off) with a setting accuracy of 0.1" and an angular positioning accuracy of about 0.5". The maximum speed of rotation of the motorised axial drives (controlled by the joystick or an external personal computer) in both the horizontal and vertical directions is 50º/sec, and the bubble sensitivity of the plate level is 20" per 2 mm.
The time taken for a single measurement (horizontal and vertical) is approximately 0.9 seconds.

Instrument is fairly heavy (weight of theodolite without tribrach is 10.8 kg)
Upright telescope image
School store no: 006670
Switzerland
Catalogued in 2000