English Language Tips

[O M I D]

English Language Tips (http://pnu-club.com/post-279.aspx) Adjuncts Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) of time, place, frequency, degree and manner, together with Adverbials (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverbial.html');) (phrases that have a function similar to Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');)), all of which modify the Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');) in the Clause (javascript:OpenGlossary('clause.html');) or Sentence (javascript:OpenGlossary('sentence.html');) are known as Adjuncts (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjunct.html');) Adverbials Phrases that function like Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) are known as Adverbials (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverbial.html');). Adverbs An Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) is a word that can change the meaning of all sorts of grammatical categories, including Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');), Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) and Nouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) There are a number of different types, such as Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) of time, place, frequency, degree and manner. Articles A and AN are the Indefinite Articles (javascript:OpenGlossary('indefinite-article.html');), used to show that a Countable Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('countable-noun.html');) is Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');) and doesn't refer to any particular example of that Noun. (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) THE is the Definite Article (javascript:OpenGlossary('definite-article.html');), used to refer to a specific example of a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) either Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');) or Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');). As AS can be an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) and a Relative Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('relative-pronoun.html');). Auxiliary Verbs An Auxiliary Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('auxiliary-verb.html');) is used together with another Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');) to make a Question (javascript:OpenGlossary('question.html');), make it NEGATIVE, give EMPHASIS, show Tense (javascript:OpenGlossary('tense.html');) or a combination of these. BE, DO and HAVE are the Auxiliary Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('auxiliary-verb.html');). Conjunctions 2 Conjunctions (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), like AND, AS, BECAUSE, BUT and LIKE, join up information in a Sentence (javascript:OpenGlossary('sentence.html');) or Clause (javascript:OpenGlossary('clause.html');). Conjuncts A Conjunct (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunct.html');) links or relates what is said in two sentences, like HOWEVER; THEREFORE and NEVERTHELESS. Conjuncts (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunct.html');) are members of the wider group known as Conjunctions (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');). Countable & Uncountable Nouns A Countable Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('countable-noun.html');) can be Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');) or Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');). An Uncountable Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('uncountable-noun.html');) does not have a Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');) form. Demonstratives Demonstratives (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative.html');) indicate a specific Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or noun group. The category can be divided into two sub-categories; Demonstrative Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-adjective.html');), which are used with the Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) they point to, and Demonstrative Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-pronoun.html');), which replace the Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) as well as pointing to it. NB THIS; THAT; THESE and THOSE are identical whether they are functioning as Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) or Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');). Determiners Articles (javascript:OpenGlossary('article.html');), Numerals (javascript:OpenGlossary('numeral.html');), Possessive Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-adjective.html');), Quantifiers (javascript:OpenGlossary('quantifier.html');) and Demonstrative Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-adjective.html');) are all Determiners (javascript:OpenGlossary('determiner.html');), which means that they restrict a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) to a single example or to an identifiable group. Disjuncts A Disjunct (javascript:OpenGlossary('disjunct.html');) modifies a whole Sentence (javascript:OpenGlossary('sentence.html');) or Utterance (javascript:OpenGlossary('utterance.html');) by expressing the speaker's attitude, opinion or evaluation of what is being said. Disjuncts (javascript:OpenGlossary('disjunct.html');) are members of the group known as Sentence (javascript:OpenGlossary('sentence.html');) (or Sentencial (javascript:OpenGlossary('sentence.html');)) Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) and Adverbials (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverbial.html');). Ditransitive Verbs Ditransitive Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('ditransitive-verb.html');) can take a Direct Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('direct-object.html');) and an Indirect Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('indirect-object.html');). Interrogative Adjectives Question words, like WHAT and WHICH that accompany and ask for a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) to be specified, identified or given a number are INTERROGATIVE Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');). Interrogative Adverbs Question words that affect the Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');) in terms of concepts like TIME (WHEN), MANNER (HOW), REASON (WHY) or LOCATION (WHERE) are INTERROGATIVE Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');). Interrogative Pronouns Question words that act like Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');), like WHAT, WHICH, WHO and WHOM are called Interrogative Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('interrogative-pronoun.html');). Intransitive Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('intransitive-verb.html');) do not take an Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('object.html');) Only Transitive Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('transitive-verb.html');) can have a Passive (javascript:OpenGlossary('passive.html');) form. Its & It's IT'S is a contraction of either "it is" or "it has". (TAKES APOSTROPHE) ITS shows possession. (NO APOSTROPHE) Like LIKE can be an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');), Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) or Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');). Modal Verbs A Modal Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('modal-verb.html');) is used to express the speaker's ideas about such things as the possibility, intention, obligation and necessity of the action or state described by the Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');) it accompanies. CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, etc, are examples of Modal Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('modal-verb.html');). Monotransitive Verbs MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS take a single Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('object.html');). Negative Pronouns NO-ONE; NOBODY; NEITHER; NONE and NOTHING are the Negative Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('negative-pronoun.html');), which are used to replace a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or Noun Phrase (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun-phrase.html');) and make it negative. Noun Phrase A Noun Phrase (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun-phrase.html');) consists of a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) together with any of the words that modify it, including Determiners (javascript:OpenGlossary('determiner.html');) and Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) Numerals Numerals (javascript:OpenGlossary('numeral.html');) are part of the family of Determiners (javascript:OpenGlossary('determiner.html');) and consist of Cardinal Numbers (javascript:OpenGlossary('cardinal-number.html');) (one, two, three ...) and Ordinal Numbers (javascript:OpenGlossary('ordinal-number.html');) (first, second...). Parts of Speech- Alone As an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), ALONE is Predictive (javascript:OpenGlossary('predicative-adjective.html');)- it cannot come before a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');). It is also an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) - live ALONE, etc. Parts of Speech- Because BECAUSE can be either an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) Parts of Speech- But BUT is a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), Preposition (javascript:OpenGlossary('preposition.html');) & Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) Parts of Speech- Few FEW, FEWER and FEWEST can used an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- How HOW can be either an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) Parts of Speech- If IF is a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) (occasionally a Countable Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('countable-noun.html');) used in the Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');) = IFS) Parts of Speech- Just JUST can be an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) or an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');). As an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), it means being fair and doing what ought to be done. Parts of Speech- Little LITTLE, LESS and LEAST can be used as Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Nouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) andPronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Many MANY can be an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Much MUCH, MORE and MOST can be used as Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Nouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');), Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) & Adverbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) Parts of Speech- Nevertheless NEVERTHELESS = Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');)& Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) Parts of Speech- Since SINCE can be an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) or a Preposition (javascript:OpenGlossary('preposition.html');) Parts of Speech- These & Those THESE is the Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');) of this and, likewise, it can be a Demonstrative Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-adjective.html');) or a Demonstrative Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-pronoun.html');) THOSE is the Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');) of that. It can also be a Demonstrative Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-adjective.html');) or a Demonstrative Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- This & That THIS can be a Demonstrative Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-adjective.html');) or a Demonstrative Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-pronoun.html');) THAT can be an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), Demonstrative Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('demonstrative-pronoun.html');), Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), or a Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');). Parts of Speech- What WHAT can be an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or a Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Where WHERE can be an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Which WHICH can be either an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) or a Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- While WHILE can be a Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');), Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');). Parts of Speech- Who WHO can be either an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) or a Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Whom WHOM can be either an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) or a Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Parts of Speech- Why WHY - Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) Personal Pronouns I; YOU; SHE; HE; IT; WE; and THEY are the Personal Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('personal-pronoun.html');) that can act as the Subject (javascript:OpenGlossary('subject.html');) of a Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');). ME; YOU; HER; HIM; IT; US and THEM are the Personal Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('personal-pronoun.html');) that can act as the Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('object.html');) of a Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');). NB: YOU and IT do not change and HER can also be used as a Possessive Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-adjective.html');). Possessive Adjectives MY; YOUR; HER; HIS; ITS; OUR and THEIR are the Possessive Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-adjective.html');) that are used to show who owns something. NB: HER is the same when used in the Personal Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('personal-pronoun.html');) form and HIS and ITS can also act as Possessive Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-pronoun.html');). Possessive Pronouns MINE; YOURS; HERS; HIS; ITS; OURS & THEIRS are Possessive Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-pronoun.html');) that show who owns something and replace the Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) itself. NB: HIS and ITS are the same when they are acting as Possessive Adjectives (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-adjective.html');). Prepositions Prepositions (javascript:OpenGlossary('preposition.html');) like IN, OF and ON link Nouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');), Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) & Gerunds (javascript:OpenGlossary('gerund.html');) to other words. Pronouns Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) are words that can replace or substitute a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) or a Noun Phrase (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun-phrase.html');), inc. I; ME; MINE; MYSELF; SOME; ANY; NO; NOBODY; NO-ONE; NOTHING; THIS; THAT; THESE; THOSE; WHAT; WHICH; WHO and WHOM. Quantifiers Words that show how much of a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) there is or how many examples of a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) there are called Quantifiers (javascript:OpenGlossary('quantifier.html');), a category that includes Numerals (javascript:OpenGlossary('numeral.html');) and words like SOME and ANY; NONE; EITHER and NEITHER. Reciprocal Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('reciprocal-pronoun.html');) show that an action works both ways: James and Kate love EACH OTHER. (This means that James loves Kate and that Kate loves James) Reflexive Pronouns MYSELF; YOURSELF; HERSELF; HIMSELF; ITSELF; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES & THEMSELVES are the Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) used when the Subject (javascript:OpenGlossary('subject.html');) and Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('object.html');) or complement of the Verb (javascript:OpenGlossary('verb.html');) are the same. NB: The second person (YOU) has either a Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');) or Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');) reference. THEMSELF and ONESELF are often used as an impersonal Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');) reflexive pronoun when it isn't clear if the person referred to is male or female. Relative Pronouns Words used to introduce clauses in sentences, like THAT; WHICH; WHO; and WHOSE are Relative Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('relative-pronoun.html');). So SO can be used to emphasise an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or a combination of Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) + Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');). So & Such 1 SO can be an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');), Conjunction (javascript:OpenGlossary('conjunction.html');) or Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');). SUCH can be an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');), Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or Pronoun (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) Some & Any 1 SOME and ANY can be Pronouns (javascript:OpenGlossary('pronoun.html');) or Quantifiers (javascript:OpenGlossary('quantifier.html');). Spell SPELL can both regular (SPELL\SPELLED\SPELLED) and irregular (SPELL\SPELT\SPELT). Such SUCH can be used to emphasise a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');) (with or without an Article (javascript:OpenGlossary('article.html');)), or an Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('adjective.html');) + Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');). Themself & Themselves THEMSELF is used as an alternative to HIMSELF or HERSELF when the Gender (javascript:OpenGlossary('gender.html');) is unknown or indeterminate. It is, therefore, Singular (javascript:OpenGlossary('singular.html');), which some people use as grounds to find fault with it as a word and call it wrong. THEMSELVES is Plural (javascript:OpenGlossary('plural.html');). They're, Their & There THEY'RE = THEY ARE THEIR = Possessive Adjective (javascript:OpenGlossary('possessive-adjective.html');)
THERE can be used as an Adverb (javascript:OpenGlossary('adverb.html');) or a Noun (javascript:OpenGlossary('noun.html');). Transitive & Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verbs (javascript:OpenGlossary('transitive-verb.html');) can take an Object (javascript:OpenGlossary('object.html');).

[negar92]

ممنون مفید و آموزنده :74: