اصطلاحات سی پی یو

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سلام
این روزها سی پی یو ها با اصطلاحات جدید به بازار وارد میشن
واکثر استفاده کننده ها نمیدونند که این سی پی یو یعنی چی و جه تفاوتی با اون یکی داره
بهمین خاطر لازم دیدم که این تاپیک رو بزنم
ولی متاسفانه حوصله ترجمه رو ندارم
امید وارم که همین توضیحات انگلیسی بدرد همه بخوره از هیچی بهتره http://pnu-club.com/Yahoo_smilies/53.gif

[TAHA]

سی پی یو های Dual Core

قسمتی از مجموعه سی پی یو های چند هسته هستند

این نوع داری 2 هسته بوده و باعث افزایش سرعت دستگاه میشه و ....



A dual core processor is part of a category called multi-core processors. These computer processors have more than one independent processor on the chip or package. In the case of dual core processor, the entire chip has two independent computer processors that can work together to increase total computer performance. For non technical consumers, dual core processors can be thought of as having two separate computer chips combined.


One of the biggest advantages of having a dual core processor is for the ability of the computer to perform thread level parallelism. A thread is a task that a computer puts resources to run.

For instance, if you have a computer running a Microsoft XP operating system, you can press ctrl - alt and the delete key and the task manager will come up. You can then click on the tab called processors, you will see a list of processes that the computer currently has assigned resources to. The higher the number to the right, the more intensive the computer processor is working on these tasks. These tasks are considered threads. With a dual or multi core processor, each individual core can work on tasks in parallel with each other. In common laments terms, you get much more performance from a dual or multi core processor.

There are several advantages to having a dual core processor. The first advantage is that your computer will use less energy and deliver more total performance from both its cores than a single high performance chip design. The second is that dual core processor caches will perform better than a two chip design. You will also need less space requirements, since the die for the dual cores are printed on one chip. There is no need to create two separate chips, thus saving space. Another advantage is that the technology is very reliable and has been tried and tested. Dual core processors will likely continue to have an excellent reputation due to their stable and reliable design.

While the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages, you should be aware of a few negatives. For instance, software needs to be redesigned to work specifically with dual core processors. It is important to note that the most reliable design is to have an individual processor on a chip and that due to the fact that the dual core processor will be working faster and harder, this will put constraints on the system bus, as well as other parts of the computer such as memory bandwidth.

Dual core processors are now available for purchase and they are quickly becoming the dominant architecture in the industry. Look forward to seeing more dual core desktop and laptop computers at the retail level, as well as multi core processors coming soon. The price for dual core technology is a little more expensive, however most people that buy dual core technology feel that the power in processing is well worth the additional cost

[TAHA]

سی پی یو های Core 2 Duo
این تکنولوژی با مصرف کمتر و حرارت کمتر از دوهسته تشکیل شده که و با کش بالا و قابل شیر و استفاده از هر هسته برای قسمت های مختلف بصورت همزمان (مثلا یک هسته برای پردازش رم و یک هسته برای هارد یا هر ورودی خروجی دیگر) باعث افزایش چشگیر سرعت میشود.


Like the others said, the Pentium D and the Core 2 Duo are basically the same, save for the fact that they use two entirely different architectures, one that is about 5 years old and one that is brand new. Yeah basically the same. The Core 2 Duos use Intels new Core microarchitecture, which uses less power and produces less heat, and also allows for more data to be processed at the same speed. They have faster front side buses, more cache and the cache is shared. The Pentium Ds use the old Netburst architecture that the Pentium 4s used, and are basically just two P4s on one chip. So in case you didn't sense my sarcasm earlier, they are very very different, and the Core 2 Duos are far superior


he Core 2 Duo processor line ranges from the 1.86-GHz E6300 chip ($183) with 2MB of cache to the 2.93-GHz Core 2 Extreme X6800 chip ($999) with 4MB of cache; all have a 1066-MHz system bus. (Intel leaves the "Duo" designation off of its X6800 CPU.) Though Core 2 Duo chips use the same Socket 775 interface as current Pentium 4 and Pentium D chips, they require new chip sets, so you'll have to get a new motherboard--you can't just pop a Core 2 Duo chip into your existing Intel-based PC and reap the tremendous performance gains. The Core 2 Duo reference systems we tested used a motherboard with Intel's 975X Express chip set (boards using the P965 Express chip set will also be available); nVidia and ATI have their own Core 2 Duo boards as well.
I personally have a core 2 an E6600 (stock 2.4ghz) but I put a better heat sink on mine an overclocked it to 3.33 . !! wow is it fast , Now the price on the quad cores q6600 are just slightly above the duals . what makes these attractive is 1 core regular computer, 2 or dual cores is like having the processing power of TWO computers in one box and the power consumption is way lower than two computers , then go to Quad cores WOW these things jam!!!! do a virus scan while downloading music while surfing and they don't even break a sweat

[TAHA]

تکنولوژی Multi-Core یا چند هسته ای چیست ؟


Multi-core technology is the term that describes today's processors that have two or more working processor chips (more commonly referred to as cores) working simultaneously as one system. Dual cores or chips with two processors that work as one system are the first type of multi-core technology applications.
How It Works

The multi-core processor technology was conceptualized and has revolved around the idea of being able to make parallel computing possible. Parallel computing could dramatically increase the speed, efficiency and performance of computers by simply putting 2 or more Central Processing Units (or CPU) in only one chip. This would ultimately minimize the power and heat consumption of the system while still being able to greatly boost system performance without sacrificing energy consumption limits. This would give more performance with less or with the same amount of energy.
The multi-core technology would also enable users to do more tasks at the same time. Since more computing workloads could be done at the same time, manufacturers such as Intel and AMD could focus more on increasing computing and processing performance without increasing clock speeds and thus avoid the need for consuming more energy.
Multi-core processors work at their full potential if they are used with multi-threaded programs or software. Multithreaded software could include applications and most importantly operating systems that have the ability to split tasks and commands into a set of separate workloads that could then be processed and run simultaneously on each of the cores present. This means more work is done in less time.
Future Implications

With Intel and AMD, the future of computing is clearly seen in favor of the multi-core utilization trend. With an increase of multithreaded applications seen at hand in the near future, the number of computers utilizing multi-core processors (dual cores, quad cores, etc.) is expected to rise. Experts say that the number of cores that could be integrated in one chip could increase over time as their physical size and energy consumption declines.
Applications

Multi-core technology is useful especially in very demanding applications and tasks such as video editing, encoding and 3D gaming. The full effect and the advantage of having a multi-core computer, however, is felt only when it is used together with a multithreading operating system such as Windows XP or linux and with applications that are capable of multithreading.
Even when applications are not multithreaded, it is possible for a multithreaded operating system to properly delegate tasks to multiple cores helping the system manage the workload on each core. Applications that are large resource consumers, such as 3D games, or office suites with lots of middleware will be less effective, however, since all tasks related to those specific applications will have to be delegated to a single core for proper operation.
It is expected that most application development efforts will focus on multithreaded models, making multi-core systems more and more desirable

[TAHA]

سی پی یو های Core 2 Quad
همانند سی پی های Core 2 با این تفاوت که دارای 4 هسته میباشند


- the core 2 duo have 2 processor with 2 core - the quad have 1 processor with 4 core
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تکنولوژی DDR در رم



(Double Data Rate) Refers to an SDRAM memory chip that increases performance by doubling the effective data rate of the frontside bus

[TAHA]

(Synchronous DRAM) A type of dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory chip that has been widely used since the late 1990s. SDRAM chips eliminated wait states by dividing the chip into two cell blocks and interleaving data between them. While a bit in one block is accessed, a bit in the other is prepared for access.
Double Data Rate (DDR)
DDR SDRAM doubles transfer rates by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock. DDR uses a 184-pin DIMM module in contrast to the 168-pin DIMM of earlier SDRAMs. Laptops use 200-pin SODIMM modules.
DDR2 and DDR3
DDR2 chips increase data rates using various techniques such as on-die termination, which places the terminating transistors that eliminate excess signal noise on the chip itself. DDR3 offers a moderate speed improvement over DDR2, owing to 90 nm fabrication (see feature size (http://www.answers.com/topic/feature-size)).
DDR2 and DDR3 use 240-pin DIMM modules. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 modules are all keyed differently so that they cannot be inserted into the wrong motherboard slots.
Dual Channel
Chipsets on the motherboard may support two independent memory controllers, which allow access to two memory modules simultaneously (upstream data on one 64-bit channel; downstream data on the other). Channels can be configured as two 64-bit or one 128-bit. Modules must be installed in matched pairs unless the chipset has an option for mismatched modules. See memory module (http://www.answers.com/topic/memory-module) and SGRAM (http://www.answers.com/topic/sgram).
In the following list, the single channel speeds are given. If dual channel is implemented, the memory speed and data rates are doubled, and many memory products use the doubled rate in their chip designations.
Single
Channel Single
Memory Channel DIMM
Type Speed Symbol Data Rate Module

DDR3 800 MHz PC3-12800 12.8 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR3 667 MHz PC3-10600 10.6 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR3 533 MHz PC3-8500 8.5 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR3 400 MHz PC3-6400 6.4 GB/sec 240-pin

DDR2 533 MHz PC2-8500 8.5 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 500 MHz PC2-8000 8.0 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 400 MHz PC2-6400 6.4 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 375 MHz PC2-6000 6.0 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 333 MHz PC2-5300 5.3 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 266 MHz PC2-4200 4.2 GB/sec 240-pin
DDR2 200 MHz PC2-3200 3.2 GB/sec 240-pin

DDR 266 MHz PC-4200 4.2 GB/sec 184-pin
DDR 200 MHz PC-3200 3.2 GB/sec 184-pin
DDR 166 MHz PC-2700 2.7 GB/sec 184-pin
DDR 133 MHz PC-2100 2.1 GB/sec 184-pin
DDR 100 MHz PC-1600 1.6 GB/sec 184-pin


Single Channel
Speed

SDRAM 133 MHz 1.1 GB/sec 168-pin
SDRAM 100 MHz 800 MB/sec 168-pin
http://pnu-club.com/imported/2010/04/70.gif
http://pnu-club.com/imported/2010/04/1242.jpgMatched Slots for Dual Channel
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[TAHA]

اصطلاح LGA-775

یعنی سی پس یو که داری 775 پین میباشد LGA هم همون محدوده مرتب شده پینها میباشد


LGA-775 is a 775-contact CPU socket used by some Intel Celeron D, Pentium D, Pentium Extreme Edition, Pentium 4, and Pentium 4 Extreme Edition processors.



LGA stands for "Land Grid Array". In English, this means that the pins in an LGA socket are built into the socket -- not into the CPU.

This total reversal of earlier designs gives better power distribution, which enables Front Side Bus speeds up to 266MHz.

Moving the fragile pins from the CPU to the motherboard also means that if you break a pin, you will have to replace an inexpensive motherboard instead of an expensive CPU.

LGA-775 supports a 133MHz, 200Mhz, or 266Mhz Front Side Bus.

[TAHA]

How important is CPU speed? (http://www.tech-faq.com/cpu-speed.shtml)

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How do I benchmark a CPU? (http://www.tech-faq.com/benchmark-cpu.shtml)

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What is overclocking? (http://www.tech-faq.com/overclocking.shtml)

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How do I overclock my CPU? (http://www.tech-faq.com/overclock-cpu.shtml)

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How do I monitor CPU temperature? (http://www.tech-faq.com/monitor-cpu-temperature.shtml)

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What is a Pentium? (http://www.tech-faq.com/pentium.shtml)

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What is a Celeron? (http://www.tech-faq.com/celeron.shtml)

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What is a Xeon? (http://www.tech-faq.com/xeon.shtml)
What is Athlon? (http://www.tech-faq.com/athlon.shtml)
What is Athlon-64? (http://www.tech-faq.com/athlon-64.shtml)
What is Opteron? (http://www.tech-faq.com/opteron.shtml)
What is Sempron? (http://www.tech-faq.com/sempron.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is a L1 cache? (http://www.tech-faq.com/l1-cache.shtml)
What is a L2 cache? (http://www.tech-faq.com/l2-cache.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is Socket-370? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-370.shtml)
What is Socket-423? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-423.shtml)
What is Socket-478? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-478.shtml)
What is Socket-603? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-603.shtml)
What is Socket-604? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-604.shtml)
What is Socket-LGA775? (http://www.tech-faq.com/lga775.shtml)
What is Socket-A? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-a.shtml)
What is Socket-754? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-754.shtml)
What is Socket-940? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-940.shtml)
What is Socket-939? (http://www.tech-faq.com/socket-939.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is AMD64? (http://www.tech-faq.com/amd64.shtml)
What is EM64T? (http://www.tech-faq.com/em64t.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is a Front Side Bus? (http://www.tech-faq.com/front-side-bus.shtml)

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What is an address bus? (http://www.tech-faq.com/address-bus.shtml)
What is HyperTransport? (http://www.tech-faq.com/hypertransport.shtml)
What is Net Burst? (http://www.tech-faq.com/net-burst.shtml)
What is Hyper-Threading? (http://www.tech-faq.com/hyper-threading.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is multi-core techno logy? (http://www.tech-faq.com/multi-core-technology.shtml)
What is dual core? (http://www.tech-faq.com/dual-core.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is MMX? (http://www.tech-faq.com/mmx.shtml)
What is SSE? (http://www.tech-faq.com/sse.shtml)
What is PIO? (http://www.tech-faq.com/pio.shtml)



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[TAHA]

What is DMA? (http://www.tech-faq.com/dma.shtml)
What is Ultra DMA? (http://www.tech-faq.com/ultra-dma.shtml)
How do I enable DMA? (http://www.tech-faq.com/enable-dma.shtml)
What is a Checksum Error? (http://www.tech-faq.com/checksum-error.shtml)



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[TAHA]

ترجمه قسمت اول سی پی یو های Dual Core

هسته پردازشگر دوگانه بخشی از رده نامیده می شود پردازنده های چند هسته ای. این پردازنده های کامپیوتری که بیش از یک پردازنده مستقل در مدار و یا بسته بندی. در مورد هسته دوگانه پردازشگر ، تراشه تمام پردازشگرها دارای دو کامپیوتر مستقل که با هم می توانند به کار به کل عملکرد کامپیوتر را افزایش دهد. برای مصرف کنندگان غیر فنی ، پردازنده های هسته ای دوگانه می توانند به عنوان تراشه های داشتن دو کامپیوتر جداگانه ترکیب فکر شود.


یکی از بزرگترین مزایای استفاده از یک پردازنده با هسته دوگانه ، برای توانایی کامپیوتر برای انجام موضوع موازات سطح. موضوع وظیفه است که این نهاد منابع یک کامپیوتر را به اداره می شود.

به عنوان مثال ، اگر شما یک کامپیوتر در حال اجرا مایکروسافت XP سیستم عامل ، شما می توانید کنترل مطبوعات -- دگرساز و حذف کلید و مدیر وظیفه خواهد آمد تا. بعد از آن شما می توانید با کلیک بر روی زبانه به نام پردازنده ، شما فهرستی از فرآیندها که کامپیوتر در حال حاضر به منابع تخصیص داده را ببینید. شماره بالاتر به سمت راست ، بیشتر فشرده پردازنده کامپیوتر مشغول کار بر روی این وظایف. از این وظایف محسوب میشوند موضوعات. با پردازنده دوگانه و یا چند هسته ، هسته اصلی هر فرد می تواند در انجام وظایف به صورت موازی با یکدیگر کار کند. در شرایط عادی laments ، کسب می کنید عملکرد بسیار بیشتر از یک پردازنده اصلی دوگانه یا چندگانه.

دارای مزایای بسیاری برای داشتن یک هسته دوگانه پردازشگر وجود دارد. مزیت اول این است که رایانه شما ثبت خواهد شد و استفاده از انرژی کمتر عملکرد کل بیشتر از هر دو هسته خود را از یک طراحی تک تراشه کارایی بالا است. دوم این است که انبارها هسته دوگانه پردازشگر انجام خواهد شد بهتر از دو تراشه طراحی کنند. همچنین شما می خواهد مورد نیاز فضای کمتر ، نیاز به پس از مرگ برای هسته دوگانه می شوند ، در یک تراشه چاپ می شود. نیازی به ایجاد دو تراشه مجزا وجود دارد ، بنابراین صرفه جویی در فضا. یکی دیگر از مزیت آن این است که این فناوری بسیار قابل اعتماد است و به سعی و آزمایش شده است. پردازنده های هسته دوگانه احتمالا به علت شهرت خود را طراحی پایدار و قابل اطمینان داشته ادامه خواهد داد.

در حالی که مزایای بسیار سنگین تر بودن از مضرات ، شما باید از چند منفی آگاه باشید. به عنوان مثال ، نیاز به نرم افزار دوباره طراحی منابعی به کار با پردازنده های هسته ای دوگانه است. مهم است که توجه داشته باشید که طراحی اغلب قابل اعتماد است که به پردازنده فردی در یک تراشه که به خاطر این واقعیت است که هسته دوگانه پردازشگر خواهد شد کار سریع تر و سخت تر ، این کار باعث محدودیت در اتوبوس سیستم قرار دهید ، و همچنین دیگر قطعات کامپیوتر از قبیل پهنای باند حافظه است.

پردازنده های هسته دوگانه در حال حاضر در دسترس است و برای خریداری آنها به سرعت تبدیل به معماری غالب در صنعت. مشتاقانه منتظر دیدن دسکتاپ بیشتر دوگانه هسته و کامپیوترهای لپ تاپ در سطح خرده فروشی و همچنین پردازنده های چند هسته ای به زودی. قیمت برای فن آوری هسته ای دوگانه است کمی گران است ، با این حال اکثر مردم است که خرید فن آوری هسته دوگانه احساس می کنید که قدرت در پردازش است و ارزش هزینه اضافی